User:Erphst68

Porsche Design Scarpe Cambridge

Related news Nike develop new market in China's market is brewing a great storm of 361 to seize the children's shoes market enterprises shoes Kangnai: continue to enlarge domestic road shoes enterprises in hot water " ", " Bbg simulation shoes, children's shoes - launched the Chinese market a total of two male first-tier cities market into a shoe brand the most loved about brand market lack of shoe enterprises how to face " Xiefu integration has become the inevitable trend of the development of children's shoes enterprises, high imitation shoes wholesale.
" Chen Shaopeng to divulge, because Cambridge has to produce children's shoes mainly, Jinjiang inventory of shoes, big kids, ugg boots, facing the wrong way of style, high imitation Converse shoes.
To this end, Cambridge started actively engaged in years of sales of clothing retailers to participate in the choice of materials and interactive, converse store. The second half of this year, Cambridge and Beijing, Shanghai and other places of children's wear brand enterprise butt joint, Zhejiang fine imitation shoes, drive Cambridge Xiefu integration.
" children's shoes market segmentation speed is accelerated, within three years of children's shoes the enterprise will be the first-line brand, we must accelerate the pace of transformation and upgrade,, UGG snow boots.
" chairman of Cambridge Chen Shaopeng tells the author,, in March last year, CambridgeGold hired a brand image prolocutor, Fujian Putian imitation shoes factory, with the establishment of Cambridge " British + campus " new positioning, the future Cambridge will combine " campus " and &quot " movement; the two elements, high imitation Adidas, to engage with new brand orientation spokesman.
" Cambridge China campus sports products research and development base, in the market, manufacturers and consumers to build a three bridge, high heels? Flat heels? Show shoes or show." attended the launching ceremony of the Chinese Olympic Committee, former vice chairman of national sports total bureau former deputy director Zhang Faqiang explains,, green bamboo shoes, high imitation nike shoes wholesale, first Cambridge to build a production enterprises and products of the bridge,, sports shoes sell,, to promote sales of production,,, in order to produce sales promotion; secondly, Adidas response to Green Peace Organization initiative, Cambridge through their own team and consumers to set up a bridge of communication; secondly, high imitation shoes wholesale, Cambridge as the China children and teenagers' building a bridge towards health, sports shoes wholesale.
Recently, from the Fujian Nanan Cambridge limited company (the following abbreviation & quot " Cambridge; China) campus sports products R & D base to start the ceremony byNoted, Cambridge officially opened the " tidal future " slogan, to create " campus trendsetter first sports brand " goal of launching charge, high imitation shoes wholesale.

Jeremy Scott Adidas wearing comfortable

Compared with adult shoes ,,children regardless of the design or the use of material needs more care and healthy design . Designers will look more into the innocence of a child and health ,we need to fully consider the child physical development and let them innocent rot diffuse ,lively personality to express and embody .
Excellent children design in each detail can let a person feel thoughtful humanization design and have great originality appearance innovation. So parents what needs attention ,in order for their baby to choose a pair of appropriate shoes ,beautiful ?First of all need to be aware of one point ,namely the different age stages of children with different gait characteristics ,therefore need to buy shoes on the standard adjust appropriately ,in order to meet the growth needs of the child .
In fact, buy shoes and selection of children ,not only in appearance ,wearing comfortable ,more be helpful for the child development and the healthy growth of children ,with foot growth rule and physiological characteristics.
On the whole in a comfortable, lightweight ,breathable principle, in addition the color ,pattern should be lively and bright ,with full of childlike child psychology . Material for feet Abundant blood vessels and nerves ,texture soft shoes will not oppress local neurovascular ,effect of foot development or causing foot deformities .
Therefore ,soft cloth shoes cloth shoes shoes is better ,having good air permeability ,soft, lightweight ,comfortable, convenient child activity also is beneficial for the foot growth. If the choice of shoe leather ,as far as possible selection of leather softness ,permeability good leather .
Choose to sheepskin ,pigskin or cotton cotton vamp ,for lining shoes ,instead of leather or plastic component made of shoes ,,so as not to damage the children foot tender skin. In addition ,the older children can choose to help a stiff shoes ,it is relatively soft shoes to help foot muscle bone ,joint in the developmental stages of children to maintain body balance ,,good walking posture ,but also on the four to ten years old children formed the different degree of inner toe to certain corrective action .
Soles of the best selection of non-slippery excellent performance ,,the bottom surface is soft sole ,should also be appropriate to consider the soles of the strong resistance to abrasion. Hard plastic ,recycled rubber or leather hard shoes for children lack of flexibility, especially in preschool children ,bones ,joints ,ligaments are In development period ,balance ability is poor ,the sole cause children overweight excellent mobility ,and easy to damage children ankle ligaments .
From the shoe inner sole ,some children Jiaoxin site will add a small raised pad ,when the choose and buy should also pay attention to the cushion is not suitable for any age child. Children wear shoes are not the best,, this is because it would reduce the arch stretching activity space ,and a hard bottom shoes is easy to cause the flatfoot .
But older school-aged children can choose ,when the cushion to support the foot when walking ,enhanced stability ,make children in walking ,running ,jumping ,avoid foot ligamentous sprain ,reduce the midfoot injury.
The heel many mothers might be imitated star children let the children wearing slightly the heel of the shoes ,this is not conducive to children .High heels make body center of gravity ,easy generation genuflect ,bow waist shape deformity ,but also can lead to foot arch hypoplasia ,the foot muscle ,ligament strain .
So ,should try to choose a flat heels .Tie in general ,lace-up shoes is more suitable for children to wear ,because the shoelace can be appropriately regulated shoes The loose ,can also prevent playing running shoes off.
However ,when the choice also need to consider the child age ,don way complex shoes hurt children .Elastic children foot muscles and bones are very soft ,narrow shoes tied foot muscle ,ligament of the development ,and even cause foot deformity, and too loose shoes will affect children walking and activities in the choice, should wear shoes can be inserted into a suitable,, not because the feet of children quickly, and deliberately buy big shoes .
In addition ,,never in the shoes of the code as the standard selection of children ,different brand children code number is different ,according to the child actual size ,try after purchase .
Children brand promotion in a superb collection of beautiful things of shoes in the market, choose a design close ,good quality brand children ,let the children get better care ,for many parents are very necessary .
The following promotion China the ten market excellent brand .Bob dog BOBODOG ,Guangzhou Bao send children Ltd. red dragonfly is a well-known trademark in China ,Red Dragonfly Group ABC was founded in Taiwan ,Zhejiang top hope children company limited Bobinni professional leather shoes, Dongguan Ji delta Footwear Company Limited Andersen Shanghai Andersen children Company Limited crown leopard Guangzhou four children Ltd.
Ultraman Nanan help boarding footwear / Fujian friends of the foot / Tai Shing Xiefu holding authorized cartoon according to POOVE A Namiki Fujian South Limited company than the Disney
Beijing Sheng Footwear Company Limited blue China first card brand ,blue cat ( Fujian) Limited company permanent expert permanent high sporting goods limited company and BBG industry

porschedesignchaussure.com 4%. as of 2008 December

817 Chinese apparel industry status of e-commerce in China the rapid development of electronic commerce, the 2007 national e-commerce transactions amounted to 2.17 yuan, than last year growth of 90%. online shopping development is rapid, at the end of 2008 6, the network shopping user number reaches 63290000, six months added 36.
4%. as of 2008 December, e-commerce site overall user coverage has from 90000000 to 98000000. The international financial crisis is still raging, the export market is far away, the inevitable large external enterprises to domestic sales channels has become the most serious problem, the electronic commerce has undoubtedly played a beacon function.
The large demand for e-commerce has been the development good chance. According to the statistics, in 2009 China apparel online shopping market trading volume is expected to reach 30870000000 yuan, year-on-year growth of 81.
5%. is expected in the next 3 years to grow gradually stabilized, 2012 is expected to exceed 80000000000 yuan. Apparel online shopping transaction form, the B2C growth rate is very obvious in.2009 fashion B2C transactions 2400000000 yuan, year-on-year growth rate as high as 99.
8%. apparel e-commerce market prospects to attract a lot of capital investment, but also attract a lot of new entrantsAttention,, especially in the B2C sales,, development space is larger, the entire garment electronic commerce industry began to enter the development period.
Clothing industry e-commerce in 2008 has entered the mainstream, 2009, if you haven't used clothing electronic commerce,, is it right? That you left behind? At present, China's textile and garment industry is suffering from &quot domestic trouble and foreign invasion; ",, urgent need one to dig a new consumer market in the new path, electronic commerce is the answer.
The traditional clothing enterprises to develop e-commerce, to achieve line under the three-dimensional marketing e-commerce platform, not only cost is smaller, more lightweight pace,, also can have the opportunity to make the enterprises.
According to statistics,, greatly small apparel e-commerce platform has reached thousands of, competition is increasingly fierce. Future garment electronic commerce competition will be transferred to the personalization and standardization of dispute.
The emergence of electronic commerce, the traditional enterprise indeed produced serious effect. But the traditional enterprises in the implementation of the electronic commerce process also produced a number of problems.
For instance, clothing enterprise reforming electronic commerce is the biggest problem is solved, if the traditional distribution system and online channels conflict issues. AlthoughThere are difficulties, though difficult, but industry of the emerging patterns are highly recognized.
Electronic commerce represents a new trend of development, is the development of a trend. According to Ai Rui research institutions related apparel e-commerce research report shows, clothing electronic commerce network marketing in the proportion of rapid growth, China apparel e-commerce market has great potential yet to be excavated.
Especially in the global economic environment under pressure,, electronic commerce is becoming more including clothing enterprise, traditional enterprise break through a tight encirclement, solve the crisis is a kind of good tools.
The small and medium-sized enterprises in e-commerce act was always in an awkward situation, due to in information communication channel is narrow, online trading fund security, operation cost is higher, subject to the constraints, can not effectively promote the development of the industry.
This phenomenon has been subjected to a large portal attention, many large portal websites play a waiting game, trying to reclaim the small and medium-sized enterprise electronic commerce this untapped virgin " ".

Adidas Bounce SL can be.

, bought oven hands-on cake and bread.This cake is now I find it easiest, and baking time is short,, the taste is very delicious a.Recommendations are oven friends try!French sponge cake (components: Chrysanthemum die about 20) ingredients: egg 150 g (3), low gluten flour 100 grams, 75 grams of sugar, vegetable oil or melted butter 25 grams, some raisins.
Baking: middle oven, upper and lower fire 180 degrees,, 15-20 minutes making process: 1, to prepare a slightly larger pots, eggs into a bowl.In 2, the sugar one-off pouring.3,, take a pot,, the pot in hot water, put the egg bowl sits in the hot water heating, and whisk together eggs sent.
4, with the constant beat, eggs will gradually produce dense foam, becomes more and more thick.5, eggs will be sent to mention eggbeater, low down the custard not disappear immediately, can in the basin of the egg paste surface to draw clear lines, can be.
(the sending process about 15 minutes) 6, three to four into the low gluten flour, using a rubber spatula, carefully from the bottom to the top turning, make the egg paste and flour mixture.Don't hit a circle to stirring,,, so as to avoid egg foam.
In 7, mixing cake paste poured vegetable oil or melted butter, continue to stir evenly.8,, die brush oil, soaks the good raisins bedding, mixed cake paste according to 9 points over into mold.9, into a preheated 180 degree oven, bake for 15-20 minutes.

Adidas AdiZero Crazy Light

Symptomsare often shown as black ,dead seedling and cataplexy .Rotten is the sowing to germination suffered during pathogen infection and death .Seedlings dead is not unearthed before suffering seedling pathogen infection and death .
Cataplexy is seedling emergence suffered after infection ,resulting in young stems basally constricted onset was line shape ,the lost ground supporting capacity and lodging .Seedbed when humidity is big ,the bed surface is often born white batt .
Sometimes the surface of the stem base appears black spot ,some to expand ,extend down to the root ,root cause Brown rot .The pathogen Pythium spp. called a Pythium and Pythium aphanidermatu ( Eds.
) Fitzp. called Pythium aphanidermatum ,belonging to the oomycete .A luxuriant growth of mycelium ,white cottony ;mycelium is colorless ,no diaphragm ,diameter 2.3 ～ 7.1 μ M.Hyphae with sporangiophore differences are not clear .
The sporangia of filamentous or branched segments ,or irregular enlargement ,the size of 63~ 725×4.9~ 14.8(μ m) .Vesicles are spherical ,containing 6 ～26zoospore.Archegonium is globose, diameter 14.
9 ～ 34.8 μ M.Perigonial pouch to broadly club-shaped, with wire or filament ,for more than 1,the size of 5.6 ～ 15.4x7.4 ～ 10(μ m) .Egg spores are spherical ,smoothing ,dissatisfaction ,diameter 14 ～ 22 μ m,the bacteria in the annual average temperature in high places of high frequency .
Route of transmission and pathogenesis conditions pathogens oospores survive in soil for a long time ,from the near surface shear cuttings ,cuttings or seeds or cuttings carrying ,soil humidity, lasted for a long time ,bacteria oospore produce motile spores or nutritional mycelium of exhibition .
Chrysanthemum bed low temperature season of planting ,seedling growth slow ,very easy disease .Control method (1 )selects the disease-free new grow seedlings ,such as old orchard soil ,should undertake the seedbed soil disinfection .
Methods: using 50% per square meter with double bed powder 7.g,or 40% five chlorine and dressing double powder or 40%9gPCNB powder ,mixed with 4- 5kgfine dry soil with medicine soil ,planting soil at the bottom of 1/3medicine,2/3 drugsoil cover ;strengthen the seedbed drainage management ,prevent leggy seedlings infected .
( 2)early onset, time to disease seedling disease and adjacent soil removal ,then spray 20%Tolclofos methyl EC 1000 timesor 20% dragon gram bacterium suspension liquid ,600 times12%green milk copper EC 600 times liquidor 72.
20% previcurn600 times liquid.Some varieties of chrysanthemum fungicide sensitivity ,using the fungicide should first few tests ,no chemical injury after use of large area .Chrysanthemum blight color version 118.
938symptomsalso known as chrysanthemum stem rot .The main breeding seedlings and cuttings seedling damage .At the beginning of the stem or root neck Brown constricted, decay .Stem lignification after general lodging .
Serious phloem destroyed, root was dark brown rot rot ,caused by the yellow leaves, plants withered .Near surface wet leaf disease ,disease of a water stains ,produce yellowish brown to black-brown spot ,rapidly expands to the whole leaf or petiole ,sometimes disease of visible Brown hyphae or attachment of small Yin nuclear .
The pathogen Thanatephorus cucumeris ( Frank ) Donk. melon dead leather bacterium ,fungus genus burden because door .The asexual state for Rhizocton ,IA solani Kuhn called Rhizoctonia genus ,damage of chrysanthemum stem rot ,is a fungus fungus .
Mycelium cells with multiple nuclei ,a barrel-shaped diaphragm ,some hyphal differentiation into moniliform cells ,mycelium tangle formation of loose texture sclerotium, the hymenium is a sheet or ring, sometimes appears in the near earth surface stems or leaves and soil particles, the umbrella-shaped or racemose without the burden .
Burden ,cylindrical ,size 10 ～ 25x6 ～ 19(μ m) ,above 2～7,generally with a small terrier 4,small pedicels erect thick shape ,grow 5.5 ～ 36.5 μ M.The basidiospores oval cell ,colorless ,flattened on one side ,apex apiculate ,smooth surface ,size 6,14x4 ～ 8(μ m) .
In addition Phoma chrysanthemicola can also cause similar symptoms .Route of transmission and pathogenesis conditions to mycelium with plant debris or to cause nuclear overwinter in the soil ,and in soil saprophytic 2～ 3 years.
Mycelium can directly invade and damage by water ,fertilizer ,soil ,carrier ,carrier communication tools .Bacteria growth temperature 24 ℃,a maximum of 40 ～ 42 ℃,a minimum of 13 ～ 15 ℃,pH 3 ～ 9.
5suitable.Sowing density ,thinning is not timely ,high temperature is easy to cause the disease .Chrysanthemum cuttings of stem tissue is not easily when the incidence of cork .In addition to kill germs chrysanthemum ,can also damage the Begonia, azaleas and other ornamental plants and vegetables .
Prevention and cure methods (1 )strengthen the seedbed management ,pay attention to improve the soil temperature, scientific vent ,or prevent the seedbed seedling tray with high temperature and high humidity condition .
( 2)seedling with seed weight 0.2%40%double seed dressing .( 3)drug soil treatment .Available 40% FSdouble powder ,also can use 40% Seedvax and thiram hybrid 1:1 ,every lll2 application8g treatmentbeds or soil .
( 4)found that disease ,in addition to immediately focus on deep digging ,or burned to the ground ,to avoid the sclerotium formation after fall into the soil .( 5)advocating the application of ferment bacteria retting compost and compost organic fertilizer ,also can use protect biological organic fertilizer ,nitrogen superphosphate can lessen the incidence function .
( 6)the early onset of spraying 200%Tolclofos methyl EC ( Leake bacteria ) 1200 timesor 10% standing dead litter water suspension agent 300 times liquid,,50%standing dead net WP 900 times liquid,15% evilbad water agent was 450 times and 95%green hang l boutique 3000 times,every 7 10 days1,control 1or 2.
Gray leaf spot ,chrysanthemum color version 118. 939symptomsalso known as leaf spot disease, the main damage the leaves ,leaf primary tip size of faded green to light brown spots, expanded into a circular to oval or irregular shape, dark grey to brown, brown line edge of uplift ,diameter 3 ～ 8mm,the individual lesion length 20 mm.
Cercospora chrysanthemi Heald et Wolf known pathogen Cercospora fungi imperfecti chrysanthemum ,genus of fungi .Stroma developed ;conidiophore was born in both surfaces of leaves ,tufts ,base dilated ,stalk dense or dense ,light olive brown ,in 0 - 2buckling,individual inflated, the top is Yaping truncate ,born megaspore marks ,erect or suberect ,size 20 ～ 80x3.
5～ 5.O( μ m) ;conidia acicular ,colorless ,base truncate, apex acuminate, straight or slightly curved ,with 6 -33lessobvious diaphragm ,size 40 ～ 125x2 ～ 4(μ m) .Conidial formation ,conidiophore tip continues to elongate ,again top the conidia .
Route of transmission and pathogenesis of conditions on the mycelium and conidium plexus in the disabled body to overwinter ,conidia are primary and secondary infection ,by air and rainwater sputtering spread .
Usually rainy or fog dew heavy weather favorable incidence .Plant grows undesirable ,or partial nitrogen excess growth ,will increase the incidence of .Prevention and cure methods (1 )pay attention to sanitation ,combined with picking leaves collected plant debris carried out outside the field burning .
( 2)the Qing ditch drainage ,avoid slant apply nitrogenous fertilizer ,timely spraying plant growth regulator Yunda 1203000 times,so that healthy plant growth ,and enhance resistance .( 3)the early onset of spraying 40%much sulfur suspension agent 500 timesor 75% chlorothalonilWP 1000 times liquidplus 70% Thiophanate-methyl WP 1000 times liquid,50%Thiophanate-methyl sulphur suspension liquid ,800 times,50%of bacteriolytic spirit WP 700 times liquidevery 10 to 15 days,1,2- 3 timesof continuous control .
Cercospora brown spot of chrysanthemum false color version 118. 940symptomswere born in both surfaces of leaves ,suborbicular ,size 4 ～ 15 mm,the initial margin is not obvious ,sometimes students after dark brown thin coil ,often along the edge of the blade bearing .
Leaf lesion first shallow yellow ,brown to dark brown later ,leaf spot brown .The pathogen Pseudocercospora chrysanthemicola ( Yen ) Deighton Cercospora a chrysanthemicol ,synonym: called Jusheng false Cercospora fungi imperfecti ,genus fungi .
Mycelium from the holes extend ,yellow green ,width 1.5 ～ 2.5 μ m,a diaphragm .The stroma in hole ,dark brown, irregularly shaped .Conidiophore 2～ 20root,green Tan ,uniform color ,width of irregular ,erect or curved ,0 -2Marchgeniculate break point ,sometimes branched ,wide at the top to the conical round flat ,0 ～4 diaphragm,size 20 ～ 50x3 ～ 5(μ m) .
Conidia inverted sticks shaped ,yellow green ,top is blunt, base ministry inverted conical frustum with diaphragm ,3a15,size 30 ～ 115X3 ～ 5(μ m) .Route of transmission and pathogenesis ,prevention and cure method .
See Synonyms at condition of chrysanthemum frogeye leaf spot .Chrysanthemum blight of color version 118. 941symptomsalso called black spot ,spot disease .The main damage the leaves ,lower leaves appear at the beginning of small brown spots, expanded into dark brown circular or nearly circular or irregular spots ,size 5 ～ 10 mm,the external one is not obvious yellow halo .
Later spots edge was dark brown ,central slightly faded when humidity is big ,there is obvious dot ,namely the conidia device .When serious lesions induced by fusion piece, the yellow leaves withered or black shedding ,sick leaves into cylinder shape .
Septoria CHRYSANTHEMELLA Sacc. chrysanthemum shell pathogen spore and S.obesa Syd. said needle needle blunt head spore ,are imperfect fungi fungus .Chrysanthemum shell needle spore pycnidia spherical and spheroidal ,size 70 ～ 136 μ m,brown to dark brown, wall membranous ,orifice diameter of 12 ～ 17 μ m;conidia acicular or filiform ,colorless ,with 4 ～9 diaphragm,size 36 ～ 65μ m( X1.
5 ～ 2.5).A blunt needle head spore pycnidia diameter of 142 ～ 180 μ m,conidia from 56 to 91X of 2.7 ～3.5(μ m) ,than the chrysanthemum shell from big needle .In the PDA medium to slow growth ,colony black brown hemispherical ,dense .
In oat medium better growth, colony diameter ,cultured for 63 Tianda 13mm,sporulation also .20 - 24 ℃sporulationtime required for 16 days,12℃ and 28℃respectively for 37and 21 days;conidia in water do not germinate or germination rate is very low .
Conidial germination temperature limit is 12 ～ 32 ℃,the germination temperature 26～ 28 ℃,55 ℃ for10 minutes.Conidial germination to water or water membrane and sufficient oxygen ,or even if the relative humidity close to saturation or germination .
Adapt to the pH range of pH3 ～ 11,pH5 ～7 most suitableto .Route of transmission and pathogenesis of bacteria in the diseased condition next spring winter ,under proper conditions ,pathogen spread by wind and rain ,after 20 to 30 daysafter the onset of incubation and conidial production and infection .
High temperature and rainy conditions easy onset ,Southern China from 5 to October, warm and humid climate disease-prone ,north from 8 to September was seriously ill .In addition ,continuous cropping ,planting density and seed garden of old heavy disease .
Control methods of (1 )selecting resistant varieties .( 2)the incidence of perioperative management must be strengthened .Watering right amount, choose the sunny morning watering ,cloudy day not watering or less pouring .
( 3)using enzyme retting of composting, to avoid bias applied nitrogen fertilizer .( 4)the planting density of proper ,timely cleaning ditch drainage ,to ventilation ,seasonable annihilate ill leaf buried or burned .
( 5)the early onset of spraying 20%dragon gram bacterium suspension liquid or 500 times1:1:100 timesBordeaux mixture ,50%type sterilization Wang soluble powder 800 times liquid ,50%Thiophanate-methyl sulphur suspension liquid ,800 times,75% chlorothalonilWP 600 times,50%of benomyl WP 1000 times,20%Fuji WP 600 times liquid,40% lucky star( flusilazole EC 7000 times ,12.
5%) solution of myclobutanil EC 4000 times liquid.Lie between 10 ～ 15days 1 times,aging plants or transdifferentiation of human reproductive isolation in 7 ～ 10times 1 days,depending on the illness prevention and treatment of 3 ~ 5 times.
( Fig 110 chrysanthemumshell needle spore pycnidia section and of conidia ) chrysanthemum rust color version 118. 942symptomsalso known as Daisy black rust .The main damage the leaves and stems .
Early in the leaves are pale yellow spots .Ye Bei is also corresponding to its small chlorotic spots, produced slightly bulge blister ,blister rupture after ,from large brown powder, namely bacteria summer spore .
Chrysanthemum growth very debilitating diseases ,do not blossom or large flower .Leaf spots much ,leaf margin on volume .Puccinia Chrysanthem I Roze known pathogens ,chrysanthemum rust and Phakopsorartemisiae Hirat.
called Artemisia layer rust ,are Basidiomycota fungi .Puccinia chrysanthemi uredinium brown ,in the back of the blade ,the minority students in the stem ,the size of 1~ 2mm;summer spores of brown ,spherical to oval ,spiny, size 30 ～ 37x25 ～ 32(ILm ) ,with 3 holeson the bud ,a protuberance .
Telia was born in the back of the leaves and petioles and stems ,size of 1 ~ 2mm,dark brown or black ;winter spore chestnut brown ,obovate to elliptic ,size 38 ～ 55x23 ～ 32(μ m) .Phakopsoraartemisiae uredinium multiply in the epidermis of the leaf surface ,the later cracking ;side wire rod shape ,straight or curved ,colorless or nearly colorless, grow 38 ～ 41.
5 μ m;summer spores of pale yellow ,ovate to elliptic, with short spines ,germ pore is not obvious .Route of transmission and pathogenesis conditions rust lurking in the bud in winter ,with the spread of chrysanthemum seedling ,late spring and early summer summer spores from the stoma invading ,open field cultivation of Chrysanthemum in autumn rainy conditions made seriously ill .
Xia Baozi germination temperature 16～ 21 ℃,invade the optimum temperature is 16 ～ 27 ℃,warm or relative humidity is higher than 85% in favor of the epidemic .Prevention and cure methods ( 1)the timely removal of diseased ,reducing the initial source of infection .
( 2)in greenhouse to enhance ventilation, humidity reduction in the rain ,to timely drainage ,prevent moisture retention .( 3)advocating the application and biological fertilizer ,pay attention to increasing the phosphorus potassium .
( 4)the early onset of spraying 15%three Triadimefon WP 1000 timesor 20% three Triadimefon EC 1500 times,25% enemyforce and EC 3000 times,40%Du Bang Nova EC 7000 times liquid,about every 10 days for 1 times, and 2 times.
Chrysanthemum white rust color version 118. 943symptoms of majordamage the leaves .The pale yellow spot ,leaf position corresponding blister bulge at the beginning of life ,light brown to yellowish brown white after the change ,leaf spot for a long time, causing the blade rolls ,plant growth .
Telia was born in the back of the blade ,size 2.5 - 5mm,serious when blotches of leaf ,leaf blight caused by early .Pathogenic Puccinia horianaP.Henn. called Ku Chrysanthemum genus Puccinia graminis ,Basidiomycota fungi .
Telia multiple leaves back ,size 2 - 5mm,tawny .Winter spore long oval to spindle-shaped ,yellow-brown ,size 30 ～ 52xll ～ 17(μ m) ,the top circular or cusp ,spaced at slightly constricted, base narrow ,smooth ,apical wall thickness of 5 - 13 μ m;handle colorless to light yellow ,not falling ,length of 50 μ M.
Route of transmission and pathogenesis conditions the bacteria of the genus low temperature region disease ,winter spores in 12 - 20℃,the germination ,germination of teliospore rarely higher than 24 ℃ ,the majority of chrysanthemum cultivation in high temperature in summer ,the disease that stops the expansion ,but in the summer the area often spread out, bacteria often Suiju seedling propagation ,late autumn rainy disease-prone ,heavy disease in greenhouse .
Chrysanthemum rust prevention method .Chrysanthemum cinerea color version 118.944 symptomaticinfection of Botrytis cinerea flower petals ,early stage have water stains brown spots shape ,the humidity, the rapid expansion and rotting ,not blossom floral apical disease throughout the head of brown rot ,born on the Grey Mildew account, namely the conidia conidium stems and .
The pathogen Sc2erotinia fuckeliana ( de Bary ) Fuck. said furcal Sclerotinia ,belonging to the Ascomycota fungi .Synonyms :Botryotinia fuckeliana ( de Bary ) Whetzel. Botrytis cinerea Pers.
Fr said the Anamorph Botrytis cinerea ,is a genus of fungi imperfecti fungi .Pathogen morphology feature violet gray mold .Route of transmission and pathogenesis conditions to hyphae ,sclerotia or conidia of the summer or winter .
Overwintering of bacteria to hyphae in sick body camp a saprophytic lifestyle ,constantly produce conidia and infection .Discomfort of sclerotium disease conditions ,the field survive long ,meet the right conditions namely long hyphae invaded directly or through sputtering or produce spores ,rainwater with plant debris, water ,air ,tools and clothing communication .
Rotten disease leaves ,decline disease in the health department can come falling flowers .Mycelial growth temperature limit of 4 - 32 ℃,the optimum temperature 13～ 21 ℃,its growth rate is higher than 21 ℃ temperaturedecrease ,28 ℃decrease.
The bacterial sporulation temperature range of 1 - 28 ℃,at the same time, higher humidity ,fungus spores can germinate in 5 ～ 30 ℃,the optimum of 13 ～ 29 ℃,spore germination requires certain humidity ,especially in the water the best germination ,germination of spores is the relative humidity is lower than 95% .
After pathogen infection ,latent period because of the conditions vary, from 1 to 4 ℃1 months after vaccinationof sporulation ,20 ℃7 days after inoculationthe sporulation ;production in bacteria survival conditions, with high humidity and 20℃temperature conditions,disease epidemic prone .
Corolla humidity lasted for a long time to fungus and bacteria infection of Botrytis cinerea spore germination ,the humidity of the greenhouse is easy disease .Pathogen host more, damage during the long, large quantity of bacteria ,preventing difficult .
Method of prevention and treatment of infection due to the fast and the incubation period is long, and is also easy to produce drug resistance, mainly the implementation of ecological control of agricultural control and chemical control ,the combination of comprehensive preventive measures :( 1)ecological control .
In the conservation of the chrysanthemum around the lower humidity in greenhouse ,taken to improve nighttime temperatures ,increased daytime ventilation time ,thereby reducing the humidity and the dew duration ,achieve disease control purposes .
( 2)the timely removal of diseased plants, with fields of burnt .( 3)found that sporadic disease after colonization began spraying 65%hymexazol ( sulfur bacteria mildew Granville ) WP 1000 timesor 50% speed Kelingke WP 1500 timesor 50% flutter herink WP ,50%agricultural Lilingke WP 1000 times,on the fungicide resistance area can be changed to 40% pyrimethanil suspending agent 1200 times liquid,50% archymexazol WP 800 times liquid,28% ashMycospor WP 500 ～ 800times liquid.
( 4)advocated the use of agents of Trichoderma spore /g L06 ～ 108 ,300～ 500 timesliquid ,fairly broad prospects .Chrysanthemum anthracnose and mancozeb WP 800 times liquid.About every 10 days for 1 times, and 2~ 3 times.
Chrysanthemum downy mildew color version 119. 945symptomonset to weak or dead seedlings in spring ,fall ill the whole plant .The main damage the leaves ,stems, stalks and bud .Leaves chlorotic leaf spot disease ,no rules ,no clear limit, the beginning of pale green ,later turn yellow-brown ,ill leaf crinkle ,leaves abaxially flora sparse ,initial pollution white or yellow-white, becoming pale brown or dark brown .
Peronospora radii de Bary said pathogen chrysanthemum downy mildew ,belonging to the oomycete .Sporangiophore solitary or caespitose ,from stomatal out, size 225 ～ 412x7.8 ～ 11.8(μ m) ,the main stem is full-length 1/2 ～ 3/4,crown in 3 ～ 7forked branch,the top is 2～ 3branching,right angle or an acute angle ,the top branches grow 7.
8 ～ 11.8 μ m,end of fine ,,base slightly rough ,apical dendrite tip obtuse ,slightly swollen .Sporangia are pale brown, oval ,size of 24.5 ~ 31.2×14.7~ 24.5(μ m) ,the main damage of Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemumsinense) ,in addition has reported that Peronospora Danica Gaum said the Danish downy mildew ,can infect chrysanthemum ( Chrysanfhemummroifolium ) and by chrysanthemum ,chrysanthemum and did not infect Management Hangzhou White chrysanthemum .
P.danica hyphae white ,sporangiophore 3~ 5 timesthe first bifurcation ,bifurcation asymmetry ,size 286 ～ 707x9 ～ 16(μ m) ,trunk length 192 ～ 473 μ m,split ends near right angle ,length of 7.
8 ～ 15.7 μ m,straight or curved ,end point ;spore capsule oval ,colorless ,without mastoid ,size 2333 x17 ～ 27(μ m) after germination ,germ tube production .Route of transmission and pathogenesis of bacteria to conditions of mycelium in disease or seed plant foot shoot live through the winter,, next spring 2monthsproduce sporangia by wind and rain scattering propagation ,are primary and secondary infection ,fall 9 to early Octoberand late onset ,,the disease occurs in the annual average temperature of 16.
4 ℃,300 m altitudearound, annual rainfall is about 1500 mm ,low temperature in spring rainy autumn rainy mountain ,disease recurrence or pop ;continuous cropping planting density ,easy disease .
Control method ( -1 )to strengthen the management of fertilizer and water ,to prevent water and moisture retention .( 2)found timely removal of diseased plants in spring ,focus on deep or burned to the ground .
( 3)the early onset of spraying started 72%Kelu ( or G cream cyanide or grams of spirit ) WP 600 timesliquid on the fungicide resistance area ,changed to 60% and G ( f you MZ) WP 800 ～ 1000times liquid,69%g ·mancozebWP powder 800 times liquid .
About every 10 days for 1 times, and 2~ 3 times.Chrysanthemum blight color version 119. 946early symptomsat onset of leaf color light yellow, wilt ptosis ,stem base also turns light brown, transverse section of the stem base visible vascular change into brown ,upwardly extending branches of the vascular bundle have gradually become light brown ,downwardly extending induced root skin necrosis or black rot, some stems base dehiscence .
When humidity is big produce mildew ,i.e. hyphae and conidia .The disease spread slowly ,some plant leaves turn yellow wilt and root rot on one side .Fusarium oxysporum Schl.f.sp. chrysanthemi Snyder et of Hansen called Fusarium oxysporum bacteria chrysanthemum biotypes, genus fungi deuteromycetes .
In the PDA medium aerial mycelium is lush, flocculation ,flora abaxially pale purple to violet, individual white .Large conidia fusiform or falcate ,thin wall ,pointed at both ends ,with a 3 diaphragm,a minority of 4 or 5,the 3 diaphragm size 25,36×3.
6~ 4.7(μ m) ;small conidia in single bottle Terrier or shorter stems conidia ,lot number ,reniform to elliptic ,1to 2 cells,the size of 6 ～ 14x2.7 ～ 3.6(μ m) ;thick-walled spores are spherical to oval, 1to 2 cells,terminal or between students ,single or twin ,individual string students .
Route of transmission and pathogenesis conditions mainly chlamydospore overwinter in the soil ,or for a long time a saprophytic lifestyle .In the field, mainly through the soil bacteria from diseased plants from cuttings and breeding or by irrigation water transmission, but also with the diseased soil by wind blowing into the distance .
Bacteria growth temperature 24～ 28 ℃,37℃the highest,lowest 17 ℃ ,under 15 ℃ incidence.The bacteria only damage chrysanthemum ,in appropriate conditions of incidence at 2 weeks is the dead line course .
Wet or water stains easy disease ,especially after the rain ,rain water temperature ,nitrogen fertilizer ,too much acid soil diseases .Prevention and cure methods ( 1)advocating the application and biological fertilizer or enzyme retting compost or decomposed organic fertilizer .
( 2)strengthen management ,implementation of rotation ;choose the drainage of the sand soil planting ;reasonable irrigation ditches ,strengthen plantation management ,avoid too wet or rain water field .
( 3)the early onset of 50% carbendazimWP 500 timesor 50% Thiophanate-methyl sulphur suspension liquid ,800 times,10%300 times liquidtreating wilt Ling agent ,12.5% synergisticcarbendazim concentrated solvent 300 times,50%of bacteriolytic spirit WP 800 times,50% ofWang sterilization ( chlorine and bromine isocyanuric acid ) water soluble powder 1000 times liquid .
Chrysanthemum color version 119. 947symptomsof Verticillium wilt Verticillium wilt disease commonly chrysanthemum leaf yellow ,weak yellow ,initially confined to lower a few leaves ,after gradually increased ,the old leaves turn brown .
The flower is small or not blossom .Verticillium. dahliae Kleb. said pathogen Verticillium dahliae and V.albo - atrum Reinke et Berthold said of Verticillium fungus ,is a fungus .Our country is the former .
Verticilli - um dahliae mycelium of white ,conidiophore upright ,grow 110 ～ 130 μ m,a round shaped branched, each round is 3 ～4 branches,branching size 13.7 ～ 21.4×2.3~ 9.1(μ m) ,wheel branch top or the top branches with conidia ,conidia long oval cell ,colorless ,size 2.
3 - 9.1 xl.5～ 30(μ m) ,spore wall thickening forms dark brown chlamydospores ,many thick cell wall are combined into a nearly spherical micro sclerotium ,size 30 ～ 50 μ M.Route of transmission and pathogenesis of bacteria in the soil conditions or ill incomplete body survive for many years ,through the root intrusion into the vascular tissue .
Victimization cuttings are also important sources of primary infection ,through the root contact ,hyphae growing in soil .Conidia are spread by wind and rain diffusion ,can sometimes be seen conidia in victimization stems on the growth of .
Varietal resistance difference .Vigorous plant growth is slow onset, when the plants into blossom stage of floral buds ,disease is expanding rapidly .Prevention and cure methods (1 )propagation of chrysanthemum seedlings to soil by heat treatment or chemical treatment ,can choose 40% PCNB powder 3.
5 ～ 5gand 0.1M 3fine soilmixing ,killing bacteria in the soil .( 2)selected from healthy plants without disease cuttings ,cuttings ,advocate the use of ABT rooting powder ,make as soon as possible to shorten the survival of cuttings ,cuttings in the soil of the time ,can reduce the incidence of .
( 3)other methods see chrysanthemum blight .Sclerotinia Rot of chrysanthemum color version 119. 948symptomsearly in the stem of the lower water stains or spots, then turned white ;wet conditions, disease of soft rot ,mycophenolate layer surface white ,later disease stem cortex mildew filamentation cleft-like ,endogenous fecal shape with black sclerotia ,sometimes stems surface also producing mature sclerotinia .
The pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ( Lib. ) de Bary Sclerotinia ,belong to the Ascomycota fungi .Disease of sclerotia ovoid ,irregular in shape ,,,the early white ,after external to turn black ,size 2 ～ 5*l ～ 3(mm ) ,PDA flora white ,felted, mycelium flat ,rough ,rapid growth .
Mycelium is colorless ,branching ,,and generate the conidiophore ,conidiophore top or branched apically irregular clusters some vial stalks, dense colorless on single cell microscopic conidia ,its size is 1.
5～ 3*l ～ 2(μ m) ,after a week, gradually formed after early white the outer layer of black large irregular sclerotia .Route of transmission and pathogenesis in sclerotia in soil ,plant debris or mixed compost in .
Overwintering sclerotium in suitable conditions germination property and sac disc ,ascospores mature,, when the air humidity is capsule spore ejection ,wind communication ,infection around the plant .
In addition ,they sometimes directly produce hyphae hyphae ,diseased plants with strong infectivity ,pathogenicity of mycelium grows quickly, decay .When the nutrient consumption to a certain extent produce sclerotia sclerotium without dormancy ,germination .
The disease in a cold and wet conditions occur ,suitable temperature 5～ 20 ℃,15 ℃optimum.Ascospore 0～ 35 ℃can germinateat 5 ～ 10 ℃,the most favorable .Hyphae in 0～ 30 ℃to20 ℃growth,the most suitable .
The sclerotium formation temperature and hyphal growth requires consistent temperature, 50 ℃ for5 minutesof death .Bacteria on humidity requirements strictly ,in damp soil ,they survived only 1 years;soil water for a long time ,1 months ofdeath .
In dry soil can survive more than 3 years ,but not easy to germination ,sclerotium germination requires high humidity and cool conditions after germination of ascospores of the development need ,on 10 consecutive days with enough water ,70% relative humidity,the spores can survive for 21 days;100% relative humiditysurvived only 5 days.
Guangdong 10 ～December,heavy damage .Method of prevention and treatment of early onset with 40% much sulfur suspension agent from 600 to 700 timesor 70010 Thiophanate-methylWP 500 ~ 600 times,killing 50%mixed liquid sulfur suspension liquid ,600 times80% carbendazimWP 600 ～ 700times liquid,35%light suspension agent from 600 to 800S.